Information processing theory

R.J. Stenberg (1985) proposed a new process-oriented theory of intelligence which is known as Triarchic theory of intelligence. The theory attempts to understand the cognitive processes involved in solving problems.

Triarchic theory consists of three subtheories of intelligence such as,

Componential

Experiential and

Contextual

Componential subtheory: It refers to three kinds of internal mental mechanisms or components that cause intelligent behaviour. These components serve three different functions:

Meta components: Meta components are the executive processes which are involved in planning strategies, monitoring progress and allocating external and internal resources to solve problems.

Performance components: This refers to the processes used to perform a task or solve a problem. The existing intelligence tests in fact, are concerned mainly to measure this componential aspect of intelligence.

Knowledge acquisition components: These are the processes used in learning.

Experiential subtheory: This sub-theory focuses on the relationship between person's inner mental world and outer external world. This aspect of intelligence is concerned with the effects of intelligence on one's experience as well as the effects of person's interaction with the environment on intelligence. This aspect of intelligence has additive value in creativity involving novelty and originality to the overall aspect of intelligence. A creative individual may not performwell on a test of intelligence but such individuals are able to combine and recombine his various experiences in a unique way.

Experiential sub-theory also assumes that experiential aspect of intelligence is an ability that automatises or make routine tasks that are done repeatedly. For example, reading is an auto. matised task which is carried out largely without conscious thought. Playing music is also an example of automatised activity.

Contextual sub-theory: Contextual sub-theory deals with the ways, people shape their environment effectively and make most of the available resources. Contextual intelligence is like street smarts or situationally smart. It refers to the effective management of the self as well as everyday life business. In other words, contextual intelligence refers to practical intelligence which is reflected in activities such as implementing, using, applying and seeking relevance. Triarchic theory is represented diagrammatically in Figure 16.3.

Theory of Intelligence # 5. Hierarchical Theories:

British psychologists like Cyril Burt (1949) and Vernon (1960) gave an alternative scheme for the organisation of factors. At the top of the hierarchy, Vernon places that ‘G’ factor or the general cognitive factor. At the next level he places two broad group factors, corresponding to verbal-educational (v: ed) and practical-mechanical (k: m.) aptitudes. These major factors may be further sub-divided.

The verbal educational factor may be sub-divided into verbal and numerical sub-factors, and the practical mechanical factor into mechanical information, spatial, and psychomotor ability. At the lowest level of the hierarchy are the special factors. “Such a hierarchical structure thus resembles an inverted genealogical tree, with ‘g’ at the top, ’s’ factors at the bottom, and progressively narrower group factors in between.”

The graphic representation of Spearman’s two-factor theory (A), of the multifactor theory (B), and of the hierarchical theory (C), showing correlated tests is given below:

Vernon’s theory is a compromise formula, between Spearman’s two factors and Thurstone’s multifactor theory. It retains G factor, and relegates Thurstone’s and Guilford’s structure of intellect to sub-ordinate level.

VERNON’S HIERARCHICAL THEORY

 VERNON’S HIERARCHICAL THEORY...

Vernon’ description of different levels of
intelligence may fill the gaps between two
extreme theories, the two-factor theory of
Spearman, which did not allow for the existence
of group factors, and the multiple-factor theory
of Turstone, which did not allow a ‘‘g’’ factor.
Intelligence can be described as comprising
abilities at varying levels of generality :
1. The highest level : ‘‘g’’ (general intelligence)
factor with the largest source of variance
between individuals. (Spearman)
2. The next level : major group factors such as
verbal-numerical-educational (v.ed) andpractical-mechanical-spatial-physical (k.m.)
ability.
3. The next level : minor group factors are
divided from major group factors.
4. The bottom level : ‘‘s’’(specific) factor.
(Spearmen)
Beginning in 1969, Vernon became
increasingly involved in studying the
contributions of environmental and genetic
factors to intellectual development. Vernon
continued to analyze the effects of genes and
the environment on both individual and group
difference in intelligence. He concludes that
individual difference in intelligence are
approximately 60 percent attributable to genetic
factors, and that there is some evidence
implicating genes in racial group differences in
average levels of mental ability.

INTELLIGENCE THEORY OF STERNBERG

         INTELLIGENCE THEORY OF STERNBERG....




Robert Sternberg (1988, 2004) is a leading proponent of the cognitive processes approach to
intelligence. He theorized that intelligence is a fixed capacity of a person. This theory emphasizes
what he called Successful Intelligence or “the ability to adapt to shape, and select environment to
accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”(Sternberg & Kaufman, 1998) His
triarchic theory of intelligence addresses both the psychological processes involved in intelligent
behaviour and the diverse forms that intelligence can take. Sternberg’s theory divides the cognitive
processes that underlie intelligent behavior into three specific components:
Metacomponents are the higher-order processes used to plan and regulate task performance. They
include problem-solving skills such as identifying problems, formulating hypotheses and strategies,
testing them logically, and evaluating performance feedback. Sternberg believes that
metacomponents are the fundamental sources of individual differences in fluid intelligence. He finds
that intelligent people spend more time framing problems and developing strategies than do less
intelligent people, who have a tendency to plunge right in without sufficient forethought.
Performance components are the actual mental processes used to perform the task. They include
perceptual processing, retrieving appropriate memories and schemas from long-term memory, and
generating responses. Finally, knowledge acquisition components allow us to learn from ourexperiences, store information in memory, and combine new insights with previously acquired
information. These abilities underlie individual differences in crystallized intelligence. Thus
Sternberg’s theory addresses the processes that underlie the distinction made by Cattell and Horn
between fluid and crystallized intelligences.
Sternberg believes that there is more than one kind of intelligence. He suggests that environmental
demands may call for three different classes of adaptive problem solving and that people differ in
their intellectual strengths in these areas:
1. Analytical intelligence involves the kinds of academically oriented problem-solving skills
measured by traditional intelligence tests.
2. Practical intelligence refers to the skills needed to cope with everyday demands and to manage
oneself and other people effectively.
3. Creative intelligence comprises the mental skills needed to deal adaptively with novel problems.
Sternberg has shown that these forms of intelligence, while having a modest underlying g factor, are
also distinct from one another. Consider, for example, the relation between academic and practical
skills. In one study, adolescents in Kenya were given one set of analytical tests measuring traditional
academic knowledge and another set measuring their knowledge of natural herbal medicines used
to treat illnesses, a kind of practical knowledge viewed by villagers as important to their survival. The
results indicated that the practical intelligence measure of herbal knowledge was unrelated to (and
sometimes negatively correlated with) the academic measures (Sternberg et al., 2001).
Sternberg also found that Brazilian street children were very proficient at the math required to carry
on their street businesses, despite the fact that many of them had failed mathematics in school
(Sternberg, 2004).
Sternberg believes that educational programs should teach all three classes of skills, not just
analytical-academic skills. In studies with elementary school children, he and his colleagues have
shown that a curriculum that also teaches practical and creative skills results in greater mastery of
course material than does a traditional analytic, memory-based approach to learning course content
(Sternberg et al., 1998). As Sternberg’s work illustrates, cognitive science is leading us to a focus on
understanding and enhancing the mental processes that underlie intelligent behavior.

 #Sternberg (1988) proposed the concept of 'mental self government' which represents an
attempt to combine intelligence with personality.

 #The manner in which three types of intelligence of the triarchic theory, are brought to bear
in solving everyday life problem is characterized as 'Intellectual Style‘.

# The effectiveness of a particular intellectual style depends on the context to which it matches a person's intellectual ability , her or her preferred style and the immediate problem to be solved. (Sternberg, 2003)

# A recent entry in intellectual testing sweepstakes is Sternberg Triarchic Ability Test (STAT) , a battery of multiple choice item designed to measure the analytic, practical and creative aspects of intelligence.

STORY

.........................................................

 I have just been admitted to varsity.  Our varsity campus is in a very secluded place.  Being quite far from the city, the environment here is free from traffic noise.  The railway line has gone a long way near the stadium a little east of the varsity.  The lush green surroundings of the railway are breathtaking.  My love for the varsity or the people of the varsity did not work, but the beauty of the railways did attract me.  There was not much class in varsity at that time.  I used to run there to feel the immense beauty of the railway in my heart's chamber.  In the afternoon, when the sun god gave a dim light, the beauty of the place became more captivating.  Almost every day I noticed a dove fair on both sides of the railway.  They come here and fall in love with the noise and eyes of the urban people.  Of course, I never bothered with these things, my father's order was not to get involved in them.  That's why I didn't have many, although I had two or three boy friends.  I used to sit alone a little away from the crowd of pigeons.  Sometimes I would look at them sideways.  Of course, many would be angry.  Then I would not sit there anymore.  I would walk a long way along the railway line.  The hustle and bustle of everything came to a halt and I stopped.  The place is so full of beauty that I have never seen it before.

 But I wonder why such a beautiful place is so uninhabited and silent.  The day I first came to this place, I saw a boy my age sitting depressed.  Light fair complexion, thin beard on face.  Looking at the shoulder bag, I realized that he might also be a student.  The boy is looking at the trees with one glance  Feeling the presence of someone, he looked back at me once.  Then he went back to enjoy the beauty.

 He has no qualms about standing where I am.

 In the afternoon, evening began to descend.  The birds are busy returning to the nest.  The sun god is disappearing in the distant sky.  After a while, darkness fell.  The boy walked past me slowly.  He disappeared into the darkness.  By then the darkness had taken on quite a dark color.  I started walking towards the specific destination.  From then on, I used to go there almost every afternoon.  I saw the boy sitting in the same way right there.  Looking at his face, it seemed that he was in a lot of trouble.  The face is a little dry and full of Maya.  I fell in love with her enchanted look.  It is not the love of the opposite sex, it is the love of humanity.  He pretended not to see me and looked away with a bored look.  I went to him on my own to talk.  Without hesitation I asked him,

 "You look like you're my age, so I want to address you."

 He replied in a small voice, "Yes."

 "May I know your name?"

 This time he looked at me a little, but said nothing.

 I asked again, "What is your name?"

 This time too he did not answer.  Feels annoying.  I also got a little angry.  So many aquatic people are talking and he has no eyebrows.  I thought maybe he didn't hear, so I asked again.

 "Why don't you talk, and what's your name?"

 This time he looked at me and spoke in a very weak voice.

 "Yes, Imran."

 "Well, don't worry, there's no reason to be afraid. I'm just an ordinary person."

 He laughed out loud at my words.

 "Hahaha, why should I be afraid, the thing called fear has never died in my life."

 I was surprised.  I saw this boy a while ago quite quietly, and now why did he laugh like that.  I began to question my own mind.

 I asked him again, "I see you every day, you sit here feeling very bored, is your home here?"

 "No, Balasighat."

 "Well, my PC's house is there too."

 "Good."

 "Do you study here?"

 "Yes, here it is."

 "Study in any school."

 "Sadar Upazila Model College."

 "I can ask you a question."

 "Yes," he said.

 "Why do you look so depressed and indifferent?"

 He left without answering me.  I realized that my words bothered him a lot.  Just one word seemed to cut through my mind terribly, there must be a secret hidden in this boy's life.  Thinking about all this, I suddenly noticed that the evening had passed.  Darkness has made everything around disappear.  I took the phone out of my pocket.  I turned on the phone and started walking towards the locality.  Maya could not leave this ever-familiar place.  Every afternoon, the beauty of the place fascinated me.  In the middle of a few days of busyness did not go there.  A few days later, just before noon, I went and sat there.  The boy hasn't come today yet.  I started to enjoy the beauty of the trees standing in front.  I don't know how long I looked.  Suddenly I was startled by the call to prayer.  Sleep came to the eyes.  Light darkness descended all around.  I felt the presence of a shadow four or five hands away on my right.  I could not master the look well, but I realized it was the shape of a man.  The chest trembled with fear.  Going a little closer, I saw Imran sitting just like the previous days.  I went to him and tried to talk.

 "Imran."

 No answer came.  I asked again.

 "Is this Imran listening to me?"

 "Yes," he said.

 "Why are you so depressed?"

 "Yes, that's right.

 "You can answer all my questions today and then leave."

 "I don't want to answer all the questions."

 "Imran, you can think of me as your best friend."

 "Yes, that's right."

 "Then tell me why so much indifference?"

 My question was not answered that day.  The mystery remains a mystery.  Due to some busy schedule, I could not go to that place surrounded by Maya for a few days.  After all the busyness, I ran there one day to have a golden afternoon and to experience the beauty of the plants.  A little further along the railway line, I saw the noise and commotion of the people.  An unknown fear shook my heart.  I also saw two or four journalists.  It remains to be seen if an accident has taken place here.  Pushing the crowd forward, I stopped again.  Different parts of a human body are isolated.  It was not difficult to recognize the face, but I got the pain in my heart.  This is Imran's face.  He committed suicide by falling under the train.  Two drops of water rolled down his eyes at the pull of unknown friendship.  The boy was shrouded in mystery and the cause of his death remained a mystery.  The secret of his life was not known.  The mysteries remained trapped in a web of mysteries.  Since then I have not been to the place surrounded by beauty.  Sometimes I would go and leave with tears in my eyes.

Today I am writing about my favorite singer. Who's voice made me emotional. I am 19 years old girl just entered in adulthood and his voice made me feel crazy about sad & love life.I am taking about the birthday boy Arijit Singh. Here is a brief description about him...

Arijit Singh (born 25 April 1987) is an Indianplayback singer. He sings predominantly in Hindi and Bengali but has also performed in various other Indian languages.

Arijit Singh
Born	25 April 1987(age 32) Jiaganj, Murshidabad district, West Bengal, India
Nationality	Indian
Alma mater	Sripat Singh College
Occupation	Singer composer musician music producer
Years active	2007–present
Spouse(s)	Koel Roy (m. 2014)
Children	2
Musical career
Genres	Filmi   pop   EDM Ghazal   Indian classical
Instruments	Vocals   guitar   harmonium   piano   tabla
Labels	Zee Music Company   T-Series   Sony Music India   YRF Music   Tips

আমি একটি ছাত্রী।আমি বর্তমানে মহাবিদ্যাল়ের পরি।আমি মূলত কিছু সুন্দর মুহুর্ত তুলে ধরছি আপনাদের কাছে।

          ঘটনাটি কালকের আমি মা রান্না করছিলাম, মানে আমি চেষ্টা করেছি আর মা রান্না। হঠাৎ সব কিছু কেমন জানি স্থগিত হয়ে গেল।মা ও আমি দুজনেই সব ছেড়ে প্রকৃতির উন্মত্ততায় মত্ব হলাম।কথাটা কাল বিকালের অসম্ভব ঝড় আর সঙ্গে শিলা বৃষ্টি সর্গসুখ। কারণটা সব কলকাতাবাসীর জানা। কাল খানিকটা দুর্ঘটনায় বাড়ির জলনার কাঁচ ও ভাঙলো । কিন্তু কাল প্রকৃতির রপ কিছুটা এমন ছিলো যা আমাকে পাগল করেছ আসা করি আপনাদেরও করবে ।

           

                                                                                       ।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।।

  ENGLISH TRANSACTION..

       I am a student. I am currently in college. I am sharing some beautiful moments with you.

 The incident happened yesterday I was cooking with my mom, I mean I tried and mom cooked.  Suddenly I know how everything stopped. Mother and I both left everything and became intoxicated with the madness of nature. The thing is the impossible storm of tomorrow afternoon and the hailstorm.  The reason is known to all the people of Calcutta.  The glass of the house was shattered in an accident yesterday.  But yesterday nature's rap was something that drove me crazy, I hope you will too.